Global warming and climate change
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1 Gases that causes greenhouse effect
The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth`s atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone. Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution the burning of fossil fuels and extensive clearing of native forests has contributed to a 40% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 to 392.6 parts-per-million (ppm) in 2012.
2 Sources of green house gas emission
A major source of CO2 in the atmosphere is fossil fuel combustion and cement production. Land use change, such as deforestation, land degradation, etc. also contribute to anthropogenic CO2 emission, which has been constant at about 1.7 ± 0.8 Pg C yr-1 during 1980s through 2005. For instance, CH4 is about 8 fold stronger than CO2 on a molecule-for-molecule basis, however the net contribution of CH4 to the greenhouse effect is much smaller because its lower concentration than that of CO2. There have been many studies to date on the effects of fertilizer N on N2O emission. During the rice growing season in paddy fields, N2O emission increased with the fertilizer N amount no matter the N fertilizer was in the form of urea or ammonium.

3 Greenhouse gas resilience
A. Reduction of GHG emissions from agricultural soils
1. Use of suitable crop cultivars
2. Change of Nutrient Management
3. Modification of irrigation pattern
4. Management of organic inputs
B. Removal of atmospheric greenhouse gases through C-sequestration
1. Conservation Agriculture
2. Agro forestry
3. Use of mychorrhiza
4. Role of Biochar
5. Integrated Farming System
6. Cropping System
C. Avoiding emissions of fossil fuels which are inputs for agriculture